A Poem from Aeon Entelechy Evangelion by Earthscorpion Essay Example for Free

A Poem from Aeon Entelechy Evangelion by Earthscorpion Essay Many a star must have been there for you so you might feel it. A wave lifted towards you out of the past, or, as you walked past an open window, a violin gave of itself. All this was their mission. But could you handle it? Were you not always, still, distracted by expectation, as if all you experienced, like a Beloved, came near to you? (Where could you contain her, with all the vast strange thoughts in you going in and out, and often staying the night. ) But if you are yearning, then sing the lovers: for long heir notorious feelings have not been immortal enough. Those, you almost envied them, the forsaken, that you found as loving as those who were satisfied. Begin, always as new, the unattainable praising: think: the hero prolongs himself, even his falling was only a pretext for being, his latest rebirth. But lovers are taken back by exhausted Nature into herself, as if there were not the power to make them again. Have you remembered Gastara Stampa sufficiently yet, that any girl, whose lover has gone, might feel from that intenser example of love: Could I only become like her? Should not these ancient sufferings be finally fruitful for us? Isnt it time that, loving, we freed ourselves from the beloved, and, trembling, endured as the arrow endures the bow, so as to be, in its flight, something more than itself? For staying is nowhere. Voices, voices. Hear then, my heart, as only saints have heard: so that the mighty call raised them from the earth: they, though, knelt on impossibly and paid no attention: such was their listening. Not that you could withstand Gods voice: far from it. But listen to the breath, the unbroken message that creates itself from the silence. It rushes towards you now, from those youthfully dead. Whenever you entered, didnt their fate speak to you, quietly, in churches in Naples or Rome? Or else an inscription exaltedly impressed itself on you, as lately the tablet in Santa Maria Formosa. What do they will of me? That I should gently remove the semblance of injustice, that slightly, at times, hinders their spirits from a pure moving-on. It is truly strange to no longer inhabit the earth, to no longer practice customs barely acquired, not to give a meaning of human futurity to roses, and other expressly promising things: o longer to be what one was in endlessly anxious hands, and to set aside even ones own proper name like a broken plaything. Strange: not to go on wishing ones wishes. Strange to see all that was once in place, floating so loosely in space. And its hard being dead, and full of retrieval, before one gradually feels a little eternity. Though the living all make the error of drawing too sharp a distinction. An gels (they say) would often not know whether they moved among living or dead. The eternal current sweeps all the ages, within it, through both the spheres, forever, and resounds above them in both. Finally they have no more need of us, the early-departed, weaned gently from earthly things, as one outgrows the mothers mild breast. But we, needing such great secrets, for whom sadness is often the source of a blessed progress, could we exist without them? Is it a meaningless story how once, in the grieving for Linos, first music ventured to penetrate arid rigidity, so that, in startled space, which an almost godlike youth suddenly left forever, the emptiness first felt the quivering that now enraptures us, and comforts, and helps.

Choices Essay Example for Free

Choices Essay The lives of people have always been filled numerous dilemmas. The choices that we make sometime in our lives could either make or break an individual. As a child, I have always dreamt of making it big in the world that I live in. In order to fulfill my dreams, I decided to pursue a Masters Degree in Education from the Cambridge College. Being given such opportunity would allow me to hone my craft and share my knowledge with others. From the many experiences that I have encountered in my life, being given the chance to live my life for the second time around was the most important. Unknown to many, I am a cancer survivor. I was diagnosed with the said disease at the age of eighteen. Regardless of such trials, my determination to succeed in life was never tarnished. I wanted to prove something to myself that I had what it takes to be someone in society regardless of all the impediments that came my way. Learning is an essential part of my growth, both as an individual and as a professional. In order to be successful, I have to personify the different techniques taught in school. Furthermore, I may also incorporate my personal thoughts and experiences in trying to make things work. Such actions would not only focus on the theoretical aspects of learning, but also in the application process. Then I could definitely say that I am able fully comprehend everything that have been inculcated in me by the school and my personal experiences. Aside from acquiring a Master’s Degree, I still have numerous goals in mind. I want to experience working with young minority men, especially those who were in middle school. This was in support of my desire to work within the public school system. I wanted to be of assistance to students, especially those who were of low social and economic statuses. This drive may also be attributed to the fact that studies have been conducted showing that young black male students normally lose interest in going to school when they reach the sixth grade. Thus, the percentage of children dropping out from school increases each year. Furthermore, I have made advanced researches stating that the students of Richmond County are giving the teachers difficulty in keeping them in school. Motivation amongst teachers to the students was relatively difficult, for barriers have already been by the students. The situation is alarming for both the state and the educational system that the schools offer. This then leads to the difficulty of students in trying to overcome the challenges that come their way. They are emotionally battered, and are in search of people whom they can cling to, such as guidance counselors. Although difficult, I would like to be part of the lives of these children. Equipped with the necessary knowledge and training, I may impart to these students pertinent information that may inspire them to become successful in their lives. I hope that my little words of wisdom would also serve as tools that would help them survive their lifetime. I believe that I have what it takes to be accepted in your institution. My experiences were focused on the relationship of people with each other. The counseling experiences I had were very helpful, for I witnessed how it was to deal with pregnant teenagers. This stage of their lives was a very crucial one, for several ideas and emotions are heightened. Sometimes, they would pity themselves for what happened, or worse, attempt suicide. I may be able to utilize my social counseling experiences and adopt them to some of the techniques I can use in counseling students in the educational field. This may sound easy, but it would also entail hard work and determination from my end. My dreams do not end after acquiring my degree from your institution. I would utilize my degree in working within the school system in order to facilitate an outreach program for both the students and the parents. The school districts within our area are also in the initial stage of discussing the requirements deemed by the students, as mentioned earlier. School counselors would be required by the Superintendent for each school, and this would come to my advantage for I may have my degree by that time. Furthermore, I also intend to teach college level courses. Learning is a continuous process that also helps people to improve their craft. Having a Master’s Degree would not hinder me from moving forward. One of my goals is to obtain a Doctoral Degree in Counseling. The degree would be beneficial in my growth as a counselor, for my scope of knowledge would be enhanced further. In addition to this, the courses offered would allow me to learn new approaches that I may use towards students. Although my quest for knowledge is unstoppable, I believe that there are certain things that I should still care about. I am like any other applicant; the only difference seen was the fact that I am more inclined in fulfilling my goals in life. Working and being exposed to different kinds of people help me to decipher the different approaches that should be used on people. The knowledge acquired from the institution would come as an advantage, for the personalities of people have been studied and researched by people who specialize in the said field. I, too, am guilty of wanting to improve each action made, especially when it comes to counseling students. I know that being accepted in your institution requires a big deal of commitment from the students. The training would be demanding and challenging, yet ultimately rewarding. The little mistakes that are often committed would be given much importance, and improvements would definitely be visible. I aim to learn and grow, both as an individual and as a professional. I know that this institution would bring me a step closer to my dreams and aspirations. The choice I made was evident – your institution would help me be the best individual that I can be.

Vocabulary On Writing In EFL Learners

Vocabulary On Writing In EFL Learners Vocabulary knowledge has been considered as basic principles of learning English and it also has a determinant impact on EFL Witting skills. Writing is one of the important ways to learn English language that involves students ideas into the written text. Vocabulary mastery is one of knowledge that important to learn writing, listening, reading, and speaking A good writer has to know a set of vital items to enrich his writing such as grammar punctuation, capitalization rules; figurative language; rhyme; rhythm; and vocabulary. One item that can power up writing is a strong vocabulary. Spoken and written words are used to communicate ideas, thoughts, and emotions and they are so common among EFL learners, sometimes communicating will be successful and sometimes its quite reverse. To write an article, essay or even a composition which is written at school by students, good vocabulary is an essential object. Knowing synonyms and using strong vocabularies, give readers a good sense of meaning and information will make the writing more influential. In Santos, 1988; Astika,1993 study(cited in Lee,2003) has shown that lack of vocabulary contributes to writing difficulty for foreign language learners and that vocabulary is one of the most important features that determine writing quality The current article focused on the impact of vocabulary on writing in EFL learners. Importance of Vocabulary in Writing Vocabulary is defined as knowledge of words which is considered vital for language development and acquisition and is recognized as an essential factor in writing. It can also describe as the ability to use words in the generation and understanding of sentences. Beck, McCaslin, McKeown, 1980 study(cited in Yonek,2008)There is a substantial body of evidence demonstrating a link between vocabularies and students ability to read and comprehend passages. Researchers have also explored the role of vocabulary in three main aspects of students writing performance: (a) shaping teachers perceptions of writing quality; (b) predicting students overall writing performance, and (c) enhancing the quality of students written compositions( Papadopoulou, 2007,p.35). Papadopoulou,2007 said that there is a positive relationship between mature vocabulary (assessed by lexical choice) and high quality ratings. Particularly, when Neilsen and Piche (1981) compared the effects of syntactic complexity versus lexical choice on the ratings of writing quality, they reported high quality ratings for passages with mature vocabulary regardless of the passages syntactic complexity. Similarly, according to Papadopoulou,2007 examined the role of vocabulary in formatting teachers judgments of college freshmens written arguments:. It was reported that the appropriateness of words used, rather than the simple production of words, was more important in influencing teachers judgments of writing quality. The number of diction or word-choice errors per 100 words written was found to be a particularly strong predictor of writing quality. (Papadopoulou,2007,p.102) Vocabulary is also considered as a strong predictor of students overall writing performance when vocabulary scores are compared to more elaborated criterion measures of written expression such as the Test of Written Language (Towel;Hammill Larsen, 1978), the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT; Madden, Gardner,Rudman, Karlsen, Merwin, 1978), and the Developmental Sentence Scoring System (Lee Canter, 1971). Significant research has been conducted on the effects of vocabulary instruction on reading performance but studies investigating vocabulary instruction and writing are few (Duin Graves, 1987). It also illustrates the effects of vocabulary instruction on the quality of students written products. (Yonek,2008,p.68) Despite the correlations between verbal ability and writing, the nature of the relationship between the two is less certain. A rich vocabulary allows writer to get a richness of thought onto paper. However, the writers real pleasure comes not from using an exotic word but from using the right word. In other research, effective writing has also been shown to be reliant upon verbal working memory . Those students who have considerable difficulty in producing well written compositions suffer from underdeveloped oral proficiency levels. According to Bereiter Scardamalia, 1987 study,(cited in Lee,2003)Further research shows that verbal memory limitations impact both quantity and quality of writing . In writing, using correct verbs, propositions and grammatical point is so important. Vocabulary and writing: Finding the right words In some ways, the ability to write effectively hinges upon having an adequate vocabulary even more than does the ability to read. Once students have learned to decode words, they may be able to read and pronounce many words that are unfamiliar to them. They may even be able to determine accurate meanings of unfamiliar words simply by examining the context in which those words are used. During the writing process, however, a student does not have the luxury of examining the context in which a word is used; he or she is creating the context. Therefore, the writer must be able to spontaneously recall words that are known not only by sight, but that are understood well enough to use correctly. Writing is dependent upon the ability to draw upon words to describe an event. The breadth and depth of a students vocabulary will have a direct influence upon the descriptiveness, accuracy, and quality of his or her writing. Yonek( 2008) notes, variety in selecting words to convey accurate meanings is necessary in speaking and writing, the outgoes of the language arts and at any level, written communication is more effective when a depth of vocabulary and command of language is (p. 25-26). Principles of vocabulary development Since words are the writers most important tools, vocabulary development must be an important and ongoing part of classroom learning. In Laflamme (1997) study( cited in yonek 2008) offers several key principles that should guide the creation and implementation of a comprehensive vocabulary development program. 1. Teachers must offer direct instruction of techniques or procedures for developing a broad and varied vocabulary. This instruction can be provided both formally through the language arts program, and informally through various classroom interactions-such as story time-with students. 2. New vocabulary terms must be connected to students previous knowledge and experiences. If students are unable to contextualize new words by attaching them to words and concepts they already understand, the words will likely have little meaning to them, and if meaning is lacking, the chances are pupils will memorize terms and concepts for testing purposes only or largely. 3. Students should be able to contextualize the vocabulary terms they have learned and use them in society. In order for students to do this successfully, they must first learn to become comfortable using these words in the classroom. Students should be required or encouraged to incorporate new vocabulary terms into their oral and written reports and presentations. 4. Practice and repetition are important methods by which students can become familiar with new words and under- stand how they may be used correctly .Students should be frequently exposed to the same words through practice exercises, classroom use, and testing. 5. Teachers should model an enthusiasm for and curiosity about new words through their own behaviors and attitudes. Teachers who are enthusiastic about vocabulary development will automatically look for teachable moments throughout the day, pointing out interesting words as they crop up in texts, stories, or conversation; asking students to explore alternative ways of expressing concepts; and helping identify colorful, descriptive ways of speaking and writing. 6. Schools, teachers, and students must be committed to vocabulary development over the long term. The teaching of vocabulary must be an interdisciplinary project, integrated into the curriculum at every level. Effects of vocabulary Instruction on writing and using vocabulary to improve writing skills Efforts to improve writing performance through vocabulary instruction have been limited making generalizations about the role of vocabulary instruction unwarranted. However, a few studies examining the effects of vocabulary instruction on writing reveal some promising findings between the two. While improved vocabulary can enhance students writing skills, there is no guarantee that it will do so automatically. Improvement in vocabulary will result in improved writing skills only if the teacher is able to create a classroom that takes writing seriously. In Corona, Spangenberger 1998 study (cited in lee 2003) in such a classroom, process and environment are closely intertwined and interdependent. The process does not come alive unless the environment is conducive to it. The following are techniques teachers can use to create a writing-centered classroom. 1. Sharing vocabulary-rich literature by reading books, poems, and stories that contain interesting vocabulary, teachers can both introduce new words and provide a forum for discussing them. It helps the students become better writers, 2. Helping students to look for interesting words. There are many different forms this can take. For example, students could pair up and look through books for words that catch their attention, then write down common words that the author could have used instead. 3. Offering a variety of writing opportunities. A writer-centered classroom emphasizes using written expression to communicate ideas. Writing is an important part of all areas of the curriculum. The authors go on to note that students have a greater investment in their writing when they are given choices about their assignments. Such choices may include journal or diary entries, weekly logs summarizing journal entries, book reports, outlines, poetry, autobiographies, short stories, or any number of variations on the above. 4. Providing sample time for students to fully experience the writing process . The teaching of writing should be approached as a process that must be studied in depth, and substantial blocks of time should be devoted to writing. 5. Allowing students to conference with teachers and fellow students. When writing topics are chosen, students should meet with their teacher to discuss ideas and answer questions. The teachers role is to encourage, build on existing strengths, and help the student expand his or her abilities. Conferencing with fellow students gives the budding writer the opportunity to share ideas, brainstorm, and rework his or her project. Research (Henry, Scott Wells, 1999;cited in Yonek 2008) has shown Teachers who are following principles relating to vocabulary development: valuing words is critical to student learning, wide reading and direct instruction are critical components to vocabulary learning, and modeling word consciousness with a focus on language use encouraged students to pay attention to words Conclusion: In Scott 2004, study (cited in Lee 2003) research shows that having a large and sophisticated vocabulary helps a writer produce quality text by limiting the cognitive demands during a writing task. Though research connecting effective vocabulary instruction and writing is limited, some studies suggest that rich vocabulary instruction and developing word consciousness can positively influence writing. Principles identified from the research relating to generalized effects in comprehension as a result of vocabulary instruction may serve as the basis for effective instructional methods designed to increase word knowledge to a degree that can affect writing.

Drug Trafficking :: essays research papers

Making Marijuana Legal?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When discussing whether to ultimately make marijuana legal or maintaining the current restrictions on the substance, it is necessary to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages the general public would gain by either decision. You can go almost anywhere and find someone who is either for or against this topic. Some say marijuana is harmless and has definite medical and recreational value. Still, others say that it is a very dangerous drug and should be kept illegal and off the streets because of it being known as the â€Å"gateway† drug. Marijuana is and, in my mind, always will be an illegal drug. Tons of it are shipped either in or out of the United States every year. It is probably one of the most attainable illegal drugs on the streets and is available pretty much everywhere. People have been abusing marijuana for centuries and still there is a debate whether to legalize it or not. It is a CNS depressant that can either be smoked or sometimes ingested orally. Marijuana has been shown to drastically slow reflexes in users and has been linked to car crashes and other accidents where fast reflexes were required. Since it is almost always smoked, the user runs the risk of contracted lung and other types of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cancer by inhaling the fumes. Especially if it is being smoked in cigar paper wrapping, or a â€Å"blunt†. In the 1930’s it was believed that smoking marijuana turned people into maniac killers. We now know that this is not true and that most of the time it does the exact opposite and makes the user very lethargic and almost catatonic if the user becomes too intoxicated by the substance. Besides the obvious risks associated with smoking marijuana there is the belief that marijuana, in some cases, can lead to the abuse of harsher more illicit drugs, such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine. This is one of the most startling things about marijuana and if true, may be one of the main reasons that we never see it legalized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost three-quarters of the American population think marijuana should be made legal to doctors in order to prescribe it to patients who suffer from acute pain due to different illnesses, such as cancer. It has been clinically proven to help reduce the miserable side-effects cancer patients must endure due to their kemo-therapy treatments. Besides helping cancer patients marijuana has been used to treat very severe cases of nausea, glaucoma, severe pain, depression, and even convulsions.

Biography of William Shakespeare :: William Shakespeare Writers Playwrights Essays

Biography of William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was a playwrite in England. The Merchant of Veniceis one of his many â€Å"comedies.† Some scholars however, have made the argument that the play is one of his tragedies. Other tragedies of Shakespeare include Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare lived in a time when Jews had been expelled from England for over three centuries. However, as a playwrite, Shakespeare also probably faced much prejudice and hatred—theater was banned from his home town of London during his lifetime and so the theaters had to move outside of the city walls. This situation may have made him sypathetic to the plight of Jews, hence the play as a work of tragedy. Shakespeare married a woman named Anne Whateley, but he may have also had a male lover during his lifetime—a practice not uncommon for men of his era. Many of his sonnets suggest the possibility of this. Shakespeare’s comedies, performed at the Globe theater, were played to an audience which included as many peasants as it did nobles and loyalty, and so the comedy appeals to this lower class as well. Shakespeare’s works are full of political humor, but also run rampant with sexual and scatalogical humor. Shakespeare lived during the reign of Queen Elizabeth who had a man in her service who she cared for deeply (she never married during her reign, but was rumored to have lovers) and who was rumored to be a Jew. If this had been the case, Shakespeare’s play would have to have been sensitive to her favor. Hence, more evidence of the play as a tragedy. In Shakespeare’s time, it was the common practice for men to play the parts of women in most productions.

Macbeth - Murder At Inverness Castle :: essays research papers

On Macbeth’s day of success he was greeted by three weird sisters, the witches, and in turn they said, the first witch to him, all hail to the thane of Gladis, this came as no surprise to him as he already held this title, the second witch then said to him, all hail thane of Cawdor, this interested him, he wondered why would he be made thane of Cawdor when the current thane of Cawdor was a noble gentleman, then came the turn of the third and ultimate witch, she said to Machbeth, all hail to the King, at this instant Machbeth was fascinated he was immediately over come with his ambition to become the King of Scotland. The three weird sisters left. A matter of seconds later Macbeth was told that he was to be thane of Cawdor, Macbeth now realised that the next prophecy was him becoming king. Next he is told by the king that he will be staying In his castle Duncan the King was to stay in Machbeth’s castle, was this a sign set up by the witches, Macbeth was either to wait u ntil Duncan died naturally or was he to kill him. Machbeth wrote a letter to his wife, lady Macbeth to tell her of the happenings on his day of success, now lady Macbeth realised what must be done, that when Duncan came that night he was to be killed and she would be made queen, Queen of Scotland. At this point lady Macbeth uses the comparison of the raven the bird of darkness, of death and of hell. At this point lady Macbeth speaks to the spirits of the witches, In her famous un-sex me speech, she asks the witches that for one night to take all her feminine qualities such as remorse compassion regret and sorrow, she says, come to my woman’s breasts and take my milk for gall, she does not even want the female quality to be able to give milk, because she feels that a woman does not have the ability to kill an innocent man, she wants all her qualities which will dis able her to kill Duncan taken from her. Now Macbeth returns to greet his wife, Lady Macbeth tells him Duncan comes here to night and explains that he must die and they were to kill him, She tells him to look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under, meaning to kill Duncan and take pleasure from it, stab him when he is already dead, but when the body is found act astonished like it suprises you and disgusts you.

Contract Acceptance and Offer

Q1. Understanding the concept of contract is the important thing in answering this question. † A contract may be defined as an agreement between two or more parties that is intended to be legally binding†. This answer will highlight the main points to see the differences between an offer and an invitation to treat. † An offer may be defined as a statement of willingness to contract on specified terms made with the intention that, if accepted there will arise a binding contract†. On the other side, invitation to treat invites the other people to make an offer which can be accepted or rejected by the other party.To illustrate them we have to look in certain areas. First area is the display of goods where these are seen as an invitation to treat because shops are inviting people to make them an offer which can be accepted or rejected by the shopkeeper. Cases to supports this are Fisher v Bell and Pharmaceutical Society v Boots Chemists. Another area in which the sales of goods are treated as an invitation to treat is advertisement as seen in Partridge v Crittenden. However we have an exception. Case to support this is Carlill v Carbolic where a reward was attached to the advert.This case is treated as an offer because it can be accepted without any future negotiations. Another example where the term of offer is not good valuated we can find in sales of land area. Case to support this is Harvey v Facey where the court decided that between them was not a contract just a confusion regarding to the answer to enquiries, so was not an offer and not an invitation to treat. The last two areas where the court may presume that certain acts are invitation to treat is invitation to tender and auction sales.Cases which support the fact that invitation to tender is an invitation to treat are Spencer v Harding and Harvela Investments v Royal Trust. First case is illustrating that even you use the word offering in the context it doesn’t mean that is an offer. Second case highlights that the highest tender is going to be accepted . In the auction cases supported by Payne v Cave we can see that we can withdrew the highest bid before the acceptance of the auctioneer because at that point is no contract. Q2. According to contract law an â€Å"acceptance is a final and unqualified acceptance of the terms of an offer†.The concept of acceptance can be interpreted in more ways so we’ve got some rules. One of the rules highlights the fact that the acceptance has to match the offer. The person for who was addressed the offer has to accept all the terms of the offer. They can’t introduce new terms because this will be seen as a counter offer. Case to support this is Percy v Archital. A request for information about an offer it can’t be taken in consideration as a counter offer. Case to support this is Stevenson v McLean where the defendant by answering to some enquires was not doing a counter offer.Another imp ortant rule is when we have two parties with different standard terms. Case to support this is Butler Machine v Excell-o-Corp where is illustrated the fact that when an offer is made on a document with standard terms and the acceptance is coming on a document with another terms and we still delivery the item, means that we accept the second party terms. An acceptance is taking to consideration only if is communicated. Case to support this is Felthouse v Bindley where the claimant considered the silence of his nephew as an acceptance.To accept an offer we can follow the methods of acceptance when instantaneous methods of communication are used. In this case the contract takes place when and where the acceptance is received as seen in Entores v Miles Far case. If this is received out of normal office hours then acceptance will be valid from the start of the next working day. Case to support this is Brinkibon v Stahag. The only exception of the rule that acceptance must be communicated is the postal rule. This takes place only when is requested or when is an appropriate and reasonable way of communication between the parties.In this case the acceptance takes place when the letter of acceptance was posted not when was received as seen in Adam v Lindsell case. In case that the letter was sent but it has never arrived is still a valid acceptance. Case to support this is Household Insurance v Grant. Although is an exception of the rule, postal rule will not apply when the letter of acceptance was handed to intermediaries (London and Northern Bank), when the letter is not properly addressed, when the offeror specified that the acceptance must reach to him (Holwell Securities v Hughes) and when is unreasonable to use the post.Q3. Consideration is important element in the formation of a contract. It is usually described as being â€Å"something which represents a benefit for the person who is making a promise or a detriment for the person to whom the promise is made or both† . Case to support this is Currie v Misa. Related to the consideration are certain rules which we have to follow. First rule is that consideration must not be past as seen in Re McArdle case where the court supports the representative of the owner because the occupiers didn’t provide a good consideration.However we have some exception, case of Lampleigh v Braithwaite where the court decided that it can be a past consideration because the promise of payment came after the performance, so consideration was precede by a request which result a valid consideration. Another rule of the consideration is that it must move from the promise. This is seen in Tweddle v Atkinson case where the court decide that third parties can’t provide the consideration, hence is not having any rights from the agreement.An exception to this rule is Contract(Rights of Third Parties) Act 1990 which allows the third party to sue in case that the name it can be identified in the original contract. Case called Thomas v Thomas is one of the cases who is coming to support the rule where the consideration needs to be sufficient but not necessarily economically adequate . Court decided that in this case the rent of one pound which the widow was paying it was a sufficient consideration which is enough to form a contract.The following rule, performance of an existing public duty is not consideration, is seen in Collins v Godefroy case and wants to highlight the fact that if the people have a duty imposed by law to turn up, they have to do it without any promise of remuneration from the client because this is not consideration. However, we’ve got an exception Glasbrook v Glamorgan case where the statutory duty of the police was not sufficient consideration; they had gone beyond their existing duty. â€Å"Performance of an existing contractual duty is not consideration† it can be seen from different points of view.In the first case, Stilk v Myrick the fact tha t 2 mean deserted is not a good consideration in order to change the contract. However the case called Hartley v Ponsonby is different because 19 people deserted, which is more than half of the total sailors, hence a valid consideration, so the offer of Ponsonby and the acceptance of the crew can be considered a new contract. The next case, Williams v Roffey Brothers is coming with a different point of view because the benefit of not paying the penalty is seen as a consideration.The following case which I will present is about part payment of a debt. Case to support this is Pinnel v Cole where court decided that the payment of a small amount of money from the whole is not a satisfaction for the money lender, therefore the agreement to receive some money at the due date was not a contract because was no consideration. However we’ve got the case of Hirachand v Temple as an exception because the existing duty to make a payment was owned by a third party, hence was a good conside ration.The last part is about the equitable rule of promissory estoppel which â€Å"allows a contract to be enforced even through there is no consideration† as seen in Hughes v Metropolitan Railway case where the tenant was following what he promise but the landlord was enforcing his rights. This case was revised later in London Property v High Trees. Based on the facts that there is a promise that existing legal rights will not be enforced, there is an existing contract and the injured party relied on that promise, Lord Denning stated that the â€Å"Landlord was â€Å"estopped† from going back on his promise†.